# PT-141 References and Citations | Melanocortin Peptide Archive

> PT-141 references: the full citation list behind this melanocortin-peptide archive, with PubMed links, DOIs, and the FDA prescribing information for bremelanotide.

Every source cited across this archive, ruled and numbered.

## About these PT-141 references

These are the full **PT-141 references** behind every claim on this site. Each numbered entry maps to the inline markers used across the pages. Sources include peer-reviewed journals (via PubMed), the US prescribing information for bremelanotide (via DailyMed/FDA), and two recent reviews. Where a study's integrity has been formally questioned, that is noted in the text that cites it. Quantitative claims — doses, percentages, half-lives, sample sizes — each trace to an entry below.

## References

[1] Molinoff PB, Shadiack AM, Earle D, Diamond LE, Quon CY. PT-141: a melanocortin agonist for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003;994:96-102. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12851303/
[2] Pfaus J, Shadiack A, Van Soest T, Tse M, Molinoff P. Selective facilitation of sexual solicitation in the female rat by a melanocortin receptor agonist. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:10201-10204. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15226502/
[3] Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Simon JA. Bremelanotide for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder: Two Randomized Phase 3 Trials. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):899-908. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599840/
[4] Simon JA, Kingsberg SA, Portman D, Williams LA, Krop J, Jordan R, Lucas J, Clayton AH. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Bremelanotide for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder. Obstet Gynecol. 2019;134(5):909-917. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31599847/
[5] Thurston L, Hunjan T, Mills EG, Wall MB, Ertl N, Phylactou M, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor agonism enhances sexual brain processing in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder. J Clin Invest. 2022;132(19):e152341. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36189794/
[6] Borland JM, Kohut-Jackson AL, Peyla AC, Hall MA, Mermelstein PG, Meisel RL. Female Syrian hamster analyses of bremelanotide, a US FDA approved drug for the treatment of female hypoactive sexual desire disorder. Neuropharmacology. 2025;267:110299. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39793696/
[7] U.S. Food and Drug Administration / DailyMed. Bremelanotide Injection — US Prescribing Information. 2019. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=8c9607a2-5b57-4a59-b159-cf196deebdd9
[8] Diamond LE, Earle DC, Rosen RC, Willett MS, Molinoff PB. Double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetic properties and pharmacodynamic effects of intranasal PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, in healthy males and patients with mild-to-moderate erectile dysfunction. Int J Impot Res. 2004;16(1):51-59. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14963471/
[9] Rosen RC, Diamond LE, Earle DC, Shadiack AM, Molinoff PB. Evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of subcutaneously administered PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, in healthy male subjects and in patients with an inadequate response to sildenafil. Int J Impot Res. 2004;16(2):135-142. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijir.3901200
[10] Diamond LE, Earle DC, Garcia WD, Spana C. Co-administration of low doses of intranasal PT-141, a melanocortin receptor agonist, and sildenafil to men with erectile dysfunction results in an enhanced erectile response. Urology. 2005;65(4):755-759. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15833522/
[11] Shadiack AM, Sharma SD, Earle DC, Spana C, Hallam TJ. Melanocortins in the Treatment of Male and Female Sexual Dysfunction. Curr Top Med Chem. 2007;7(11):1137-1144. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17584134/
[12] Safarinejad MR, Hosseini SY. Salvage of Sildenafil Failures With Bremelanotide: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Study. J Urol. 2008;179(3):1066-1071. [Note: 2023 Expression of Concern issued.] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18206919/
[13] Zhang H, Chen LN, Yang D, Mao C, Shen Q, Feng W, et al. Structural insights into ligand recognition and activation of the melanocortin-4 receptor. Cell Res. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-021-00552-3
[14] Tran L, Nguyen TD, Gad AG, Shaaban E, Tai TH, Tram NT. FDA-Approved Drugs Containing D-Amino Acids: A Historical and Developmental Perspective. Drug Dev Res. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1002/ddr.70293
[15] Barakeh D, Mdaihly H, Karaoui LR. Pharmacotherapy of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Premenopausal Women. Ann Pharmacother. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1177/10600280241253273

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A wine-dark reading archive of the bremelanotide literature — entries ruled and cited, nothing on these shelves for sale.